12 research outputs found
Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung fĂŒr benachteiligte Stadtquartiere
HERAUSFORDERUNGEN DER DIGITALISIERUNG FĂR BENACHTEILIGTE STADTQUARTIERE
Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung fĂŒr benachteiligte Stadtquartiere / Helfen, Thomas (Rights reserved) ( -
From Urban to Communicational Problems?
In den letzten Jahren ermöglichen immer leistungsstÀrkere RechnerkapazitÀten neue Formen
der Messung, Produktion, Speicherung, Aggregation und Verarbeitung von Daten(mengen)
sowie Vernetzung vormals isolierter DatenbestÀnde. Die damit verbundenen Hoffnungen, so
âbessereâ WissensbestĂ€nde zu generieren, beschĂ€ftigen auch das Feld der Stadtforschung und
-entwicklung. In Deutschland bĂŒndeln sich diese Ambitionen in der nationalen Smart City
Charta.
Doch wie wurde es möglich, dass im Westlichen Diskurs âWissenâ oder âInformationâ eine
derart zentrale Rolle fĂŒr die ZukunftsfĂ€higkeit von StĂ€dten zugewiesen werden konnte? Und
was lĂ€sst uns denken, dass eine Vernetzung von âInformationâ oder âWissenâ zu âbesserenâ
StÀdten beitragen kann?
Auf Grundlage genealogischer und diskursanalytischer AnsÀtze zeichnet diese Arbeit nach,
wie die praktische Arbeit an Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien und das
Aufkommen eines bestimmten, kybernetischen Denkstils Anfang des 20. Jh. die
Herausbildung eines digitalen Urbanismus mitformte. Fernab der Frage, ob StÀdte durch
datenintensive Steuerungsmethoden tatsĂ€chlich âbesserâ geplant werden können, beschĂ€ftigt
sich die Arbeit mit der Art und Weise, wie Stadt im digitalen Urbanismus problematisiert
wird. Dies soll die dominante und wichtige Kritik des digitalen Urbanismus als
unternehmerisches Projekt dahingehend erweitern, diesen nicht lediglich als geleitet von
(falschen) Interessen zu verstehen, sondern stÀrkeren Fokus auf die HandlungstrÀgerschaft der
eigentlichen technologischen Infrastrukturen zu legen.
Eine reale Konsequenz ist, so eine zentrale Hypothese dieser Arbeit, dass historisch
gewachsene stÀdtische Probleme im Diskurs des digitalen Urbanismus zunehmend in
Informations-/Kommunikationsprobleme umgedeutet werden. Entsprechend können deren
Ursachen in einem Informationsdefizit oder mangelnder Vernetzung verortet werden, sodass
datenbasierte Lösungen in Form âintelligenterâ Infrastrukturen erstrebenswert erscheinen. Ein
solcher digitaler Urbanismus kann dazu neigen, historisch gewachsene urbane Probleme zu
depolitisieren und zentrale Begriffe wie Macht, Politik oder soziale Hierarchien in den
Hintergrund rĂŒcken zu lassen.Developments in computer capacities have sparked variegated future scenarios, often carrying
the narrative that with a new data deluge, long pressing planetary problems can finally be
solved. Cities too are increasingly imagined and already prepared as the central site for such
transformation. Thus, travelling under the label of âSmart Citiesâ or âDigital Citiesâ they are
thought of as knowledge entities not only by corporations that seek to develop urban markets
to place their products and services. Also, the state, engineering sciences and a ânew urban
scienceâ imagine such technological transformations of current cities by means of âintelligentâ
infrastructures as a desirable, even necessary form of urban management in order to tackle
future urban challenges. A good city hence, is primarily one whose infrastructure enables the
seamless transmission of information, and often interchangeably, of its inhabitantsâ
knowledge. It seems that most pressing urban problems are first and foremost problems of
information, communication, or, data.
Tracing the genealogy of a cybernetic thought style emerging in the early 20th century and
analyzing the policy discourse of digital urbanism in Germany, this thesis asks how that came
about and how current problematizations of urban phenomena are potentially affected by it.
Acknowledging that technologies are not only tools that execute our intentional practices of
problematization but shape these too, this thesis traces the role material infrastructures of
information technologies had throughout these processes.
Thus, this thesisâ aim is twofold, for one, it seeks to understand how it became possible to
ascribe âknowledgeâ such a central role to city planning, so that current imaginaries of digital
urbanism (like Smart Cities) can appear as a sensible mode to address urban challenges.
Secondly, on this basis, it is inquired whether such inclination to âsolveâ urban problems with
information technologies may bring with it a side-effect that reconfigures historically grown
urban problems such that they are amenable to the very information technologies and in turn,
appear as if they constitute an information problem. One important implication of such
tendency can be the depoliticization of potentially confrontational topics, ignoring issues like
power, politics or social hierarchies
Vocal Expression of Emotions in Mammals: Mechanisms of Production and Evidence
Emotions play a crucial role in an animalâs life because they facilitate responses to external or internal events of significance for the organism. In social species, one of the main functions of emotional expression is to regulate social interactions. There has recently been a surge of interest in animal emotions in several disciplines, ranging from neuroscience to evolutionary zoology. Because measurements of subjective emotional experiences are not possible in animals, researchers use neurophysiological, behavioural and cognitive indicators. However, good indicators, particularly of positive emotions, are still lacking. Vocalizations are linked to the inner state of the caller. The emotional state of the caller causes changes in the muscular tension and action of its vocal apparatus, which in turn, impacts on vocal parameters of vocalizations. By considering the mode of production of vocalizations, we can understand and predict how vocal parameters should change according to the arousal (intensity) or valence (positive/negative) of emotional states. In this paper, I review the existing literature on vocal correlates of emotions in mammals. Non-human mammals could serve as ideal models to study vocal expression of emotions, because, contrary to human speech, animal vocalizations are assumed to be largely free of control and therefore direct expressions of underlying emotions. Furthermore, a comparative approach between humans and other animals would give us a better understanding of how emotion expression evolved. Additionally, these non-invasive indicators could serve various disciplines that require animal emotions to be clearly identified, including psychopharmacology and animal welfare science